References

CENTER HOME
PETERSBURG
FIVE FORKS UNIT

Contents
Figures
Tables
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4A
Chapter 4B
Chapter 5
References

An Archaeological Overview and Assessment
of the Five Forks Unit

Petersburg National Battlefield, Virginia

References

Adovasio, J.
1993 The ones that will not go away: A biased view of pre-Clovis population in the New World. In From Kostenki to Clovis: Upper Paleolithic-Paleo-Indian adaptations, edited by O. Soffer and N. D. Praslov, pp. 199-218. Plenum Press, New York.
Adovasio, J., J. D. Gunn, J. Donahue, and R. Stuckenrath
1978 Meadowcroft Rockshelter, 1977: An overview. American Antiquity 43:632-651.
anon.
1852 Plantation and farm instruction, regulation, record, inventory and account book...by a Southern planter. J. W. Randolph, Richmond. Original in Eppes Papers, Virginia Historical Society, Richmond (Mssl Ep734 d 293).
Auerbach, C. G.
1880 "Sketch showing the country about Five Forks and the right of the Confederate postion to illustrate the o[p]eration of the 5th Corps under Maj. Gen. G. K. Warren on the 31st of March and 1st of April 1865. Warren Court of Inquiry- Consolidated Map Plate VI."  C. Von Arx, lithographer, New York. Published in Warren Inquiry 1883:Plate VI.
Barker, A. W.
1992 Powhatan's pursestrings: On the meaning of surplus in a seventeenth-century Algonkian chiefdom. In Lords of the Southeast: Social inequality and the native elites of southeastern North America, edited by A. W. Barker and T. R. Pauketat, pp. 61-80. Archaeological Papers of the American Antropological Association, Washington.
Bearss, E., and C. Calkins
1985 The Battle of Five Forks, fourth edition. H. E. Howard, Inc., Lynchburg.
Belknap, D., and J. Kraft
1977 Holocene relative sea-level changes and coastal stratigraphic units on the northwest flank of the Baltimore Canyon Trough Geosyncline. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 47:610-629.
Billings, W., Ed.
1975 The Old Dominion in the seventeenth century- A documentary history of Virginia, 1606-1689. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, Williamsburg.
Binford, L.
1964 Archaeological and ethnological investigation of cultural diversity and progressive development among aboriginal cultures of coastal Virginia and North Carolina. Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.
Bradley, S. E., Jr., Ed.
1991 The 1850 Federal Census Dinwiddie County, Virginia, and the City of Petersburg. Privately published, on file at the Virginia State Library, Richmond.
Calkins, C.
1990 Physical history and site analysis. Cultural landscape report, Five Forks Unit, Petersburg National Battlefield. National Park Service manuscript at Petersburg National Battlefield.
Calkins, C., and R. Easterbrook
1995 "Five Forks Historic Fields." Geographic information system map produced by Petersburg National Battlefield.
Campbell, A. H.
1864 "Map of Dinwiddie County, VA." Original in Jeremy Francis Gilmer Collection, Virginia Historical Society, Richmond (Map F232 D6 1864:1).
Chinard, G., Ed.
1934 A Hugenot exile in Virginia, or voyages of a Frenchman exiled for his religion, with a description of Virginia and Maryland. Press of the Pioneers, New York.
Clausen, J., D. Crowner, J. Dixon, and J. Quesenberry
1996 Soil survey of Dinwiddie area, Virginia. United States Department of Argriculture in cooperation with the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Washington.
Cope, E. B.
1880 Map surveyed Dec. 25-26, 1879, by E. B. Cope and G. K. Warren and drawn Jan. 1880 by E. B. Cope, using White Oak and Ford Roads from Michler map. Original in Warren Papers, New York State Library, Albany.
Cope, E. B., and G. K. Warren
n.d. "Map of Battle Field at Five Forks Va. April 1st 1865 Showing the position and movements of the Fifth Army Corps Under Command of Maj. Genl. G. K. Warren." Original in Warren Papers, New York State Library, Albany. (Similar map published in O.R. Atlas Plate LXVI, no. 9.)
Cotton, J. P.
1880 "Map of the vicinity of Five Forks Dinwiddie Co. Va. Survey made between Dec. 26th 1879 and Jan. 3d 1880." Original in National Archives, Washington (Record Group 153, G360, and Record Group 77, G304-2).  Published in Warren Inquiry 1883:Plate III.
n.d. "Cotton Map No. 2.  G. Warren Court of Inquiry.  See page 238 of Record. Plate II." Julius Bien, lithographer, New York. Published in Warren Inquiry 1883:Plate II.
Custer, J.
1989 Prehistoric cultures of the Delmarva Peninsula: An archaeological study. University of Delaware Press, Newark.
1994 Current archaeological research in the Middle Atlantic region of the eastern United States. Journal of Archaeological Research 2(4):329-360.
Dent, R. J., Jr.
1995 Chesapeake prehistory: Old traditions, new directions. Plenum Press, New York.
DSC
1973 "Petersburg National Battlefield, Dinwiddie & Prince George Counties, Virginia, Segment 06 (Five Forks Area)," drawing no. 325/30,000A, sheet 7 of 11, September 1973, Denver Service Center, National Park Service. On file at Petersburg National Battlefield.
Fogelman, G.
1988 Projectile point typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Company, Turbotville.
Freeman, D. S.
1944 Lee's lieutenants, volume 3: Gettysburg to Appomattox. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
Gardner, W.
1974 The Flint Run Paleo-Indian Complex: Pattern and process during the Paleo-Indian to Early Archaic. In The Flint Run Paleo-Indian Complex: A preliminary report, 1971-1973 seasons, edited by W. Gardner, pp. 5-47. Occasional Papers of the Catholic University Archaeology Laboratory No. 1, Washington.
1977 Flint Run Paleo-Indian complex and its implications for eastern North American prehistory. In Amerinds and their paleoenvironments in northeastern North America, edited by W. Newman and B. Salwen, pp. 257-263. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 288, New York.
Gillespie, G. L.
1865 "Map of the Battle Field of Five Forks Fought Sunday April 1st, 1865," prepared July 1865.  Original in National Archives, Washington (Record Group 77, G172).  Published in O.R. Atlas Plate LXVIII, no. 3.
Hargrave, Isham
1820 "Correct Map of Dinwiddie County." Also attributed to Wood or Boye, c.1820. Original in Virginia State Library, Richmond (755.62).
Hill, P.
1997a A re-examination of the Williamson site in Dinwiddie County, Virginia: An interpretation of intrasite variation. Archaeology of Eastern North America 25:159-173.
1997b The Williamson site: An interpretation of the lithic technology employed at a Paleoindian/Early Archaic site in Dinwiddie County, Virginia. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 13:105-124.
Hughes, T. P., Jr., Ed.
1975 Dinwiddie County, Virginia, data 1752-1865. Privately published, on file at the Virginia State Library, Richmond.
Hughes, T. P., Jr., and J. Standefer, Eds.
1973 Land records Dinwiddie County, Virginia, 1752-1820. Privately published, on file at the Virginia State Library, Richmond.
Johnson, R., and C. Buel
1887 General Warren at Five Forks, and the Court of Inquiry. In Battles and leaders of the Civil War, volume 4: The way to Appomattox, edited by R. Johnson and C. Buel, pp. 723-724. Originally published by The Century Magazine. Reprinted in 1957 by Thomas Yoseloff, Inc., New York.
Jones, R.
1976 Dinwiddie County- Carrefour of the Commonwealth. Dinwiddie County Board of Supervisors, Dinwiddie Court House.
Kraft, J., D. Belknap, and I. Kayan
1983 Potentials of discovery of human occupation sites on the continental shelves and nearshore coastal zone. In Quaternary coastlines and marine archaeology: Towards the prehistory of land bridges and continental shelves, edited by P. Masters and N. Flemming, pp. 87-100. Academic Press, London.
McCary, B.
1951 A workshop site of early man in Dinwiddie County, Virginia. American Antiquity 17:9-17.
McLearen, D.
1992 Virginia's Middle Woodland period: A regional perspective. In Middle and Late Woodland research in Virginia: A synthesis, edited by T. Reinhart and M. E. Hodges, pp. 39-64. Council of Virginia Archaeologists, Richmond.
MAR
1990 "Petersburg National Battlefield, Dinwiddie County, Virginia, Segment 07," drawing no. 325/80,044, sheet 8 of 8, January 1990, Mid-Atlantic Regional Office, National Park Service. On file at Petersburg National Battlefield.
Maxson, F.
1880 "Map of position of the Battlefield of Five Forks." Original in National Archives, Washington (Record Group 77, G304-8,9,10).
Michler, N.
1867 "Map of the Battlefield of Five-Forks." Original in National Archives, Washington (Record Group 77, G204-22, G304-4,5,7). Published in larger format as "Petersburg and Five Forks" in O.R. Atlas Plate LXXVII, no. 2.
Milliman, J., and K. Emery
1968 Sea levels during the past 35,000 years. Science 162:1121-1123.
Mouer, D., J. Erskine, and T. Millis
1985 Prehistoric cultural occupations at City Point, City of Hopewell, Virginia. Ms. prepared for the National Park Service by the Archaeological Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University.
NPS
1991 A summary of workshop results, park purpose, significance and management objectives, Petersburg National Battlefield. National Park Service manuscript dated Dec. 30, 1991, at Petersburg National Battlefield.
O.R. Atlas
1895 Atlas to accompany the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Government Printing Office, Washington.
Potter, S.
1993 Commoners, Tribute, and Chiefs. University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville.
Porter, H.
1887 Five Forks and the pursuit of Lee. In Battles and leaders of the Civil War, volume 4: The way to Appomattox, edited by R. Johnson and C. Buel, pp. 708-722. Originally published by The Century Magazine. Reprinted in 1957 by Thomas Yoseloff, Inc., New York.
Ritchie, W.
1971 A typology and nomenclature for New York projectile points. New York State Museum Bulletin Number 384. The University of the State of New York, Albany.
Shackel, P.
1997 Scope of work for an overview and assessment, Petersburg National Battlefield, Virginia, Five Forks Unit. Department of Anthropology, University of Maryland, College Park.
Shackleton, N., and N. Opdyke
1973 Oxygen isotope and paleomagnetic stratigraphy of equitorial Pacific core V28-238: Oxygen isotope temperatures and ice volume on 105 and 106 year scale. Quaternary Research 3:39-55.
Stewart, R. M.
1992 Observations on the Middle Woodland period of Virginia: A Middle Atlantic perspective. In Middle and Late Woodland Research in Virginia: A synthesis, edited by T. Reinhart and M. E. Hodges, pp. 1-38. Council of Virginia Archaeologists, Richmond.
Turner, E. R.
1986 Difficulties in the archaeological identification of chiefdoms as seen in the Virginia Coastal Plain during the Late Woodland and early Historic periods. In Late Woodland Cultures of the Middle Atlantic Region, edited by J. Custer, pp. 19-28. University of Delaware Press, Newark.
1992 The Virginia Coastal Plain during the Late Woodland period. In Middle and Late Woodland Research in Virginia: A synthesis, edited by T. Reinhart and M. E. Hodges, pp. 97-136. Council of Virginia Archaeologists, Richmond.
USGS
1974 Sutherland, VA Quadrangle, 7.5 minute series. Surveyed 1963, photorevised 1971 and 1974. United States Geological Survey.
1981 Church Road, VA Quadrangle, 7.5 minute series. Surveyed 1963, photorevised 1981. United States Geological Survey.
VDHR
1991 Virginia's comprehensive preservation planning process: An overview. Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond.
1993 How to complete Virginia Department of Historic Resources archaeological site inventory forms. Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond.
Von Arx, J. C.
n.d. "Diagram showing foundation of 5th Army Corps, just south of Gravelly Run Church, afternoon of April 1, 1865.  Warren Court of Inquiry, Diagram. See page 745 of Record. Plate I." J. C. Von Arx, lithographer, New York. Published in Warren Inquiry 1883:Plate I.
Warren Inquiry
1883 Proceeding, findings, and opinions of the Court of Inquiry convened by order of the President of the United States...Dec. 9, 1879. In the case of Gouverneur K. Warren, late Major-General U. S. Volunteers; Commanding the Fifth Army Corps in the Campaign of Five Forks, Va., 1865. Three parts with maps. Government Printing Office, Washington.
Weisiger, B. B., III, Ed.
1986 Prince George County, Virginia, miscellany 1711-1814. Privately published, on file at the Virginia State Library, Richmond.

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