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Second Annual ReportCenter for Heritage Resource Studies
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Center for Heritage Resource Studies
Letter from the Director
back to contents]January 2003
Greetings,
Over the past year the Center for Heritage Resource Studies has created strong ties to regional, national and international organizations and we look forward to strengthening these bonds and creating new partnerships. Much of this year’s success was possible because of the enthusiastic support from our affiliates, here in the United States and abroad, as well as from our College of Behavioral and Social Sciences and the Graduate School.
Center faculty continued research on Maryland’s Eastern Shore on issues related to archaeology, heritage and natural resource development, and tourism; we have maintained a successful partnership with the National Park Service, continuing several research projects in the National Capital Region; and we are partnering with other universities on various research and applied projects. We also look forward to our continued work with the Historical Society of Washington, DC on the development of an archaeology exhibit for the new DC City Museum, scheduled to open May 2003.
We are working cooperatively with the National Park Service to develop a course for an archaeology and interpretation competency curriculum. We also will maintain our successful and rewarding Study Abroad course in Belgium, and we are developing an agreement for a heritage study course in Xiling, China. In the upcoming year we will go forward in our efforts in Continuing and Extended Education.
In additions to our own direct research and educational programs, the Center has supported projects in the anthropology of the immigrant life-course in the local Hispanic community, a workshop on “Reconstructing African Origins in Cameroon,” and the research and development of a heritage and environment center in Front Royal (Shenandoah Valley), Virginia with Shenandoah University.
The work performed by and through the Center over the past year has created positive momentum for our future. We look forward to our continued cooperation with our University, our affiliates, and our partners, as we expect many exciting new developments over the coming year. We are all pleased about what we have accomplished at the Center for Heritage Resource Studies and are even more excited about the year(s) to come.
Best wishes for a wonderful and prosperous new year,
Paul Shackel
Professor
Director, Center for Heritage Resource Studies
Executive Summary
Founded in December 2000, the Center for Heritage Resource Studies at the University of Maryland, College Park was formed to bring scholars and practitioners together to support a comprehensive approach to the study of heritage. The Center provides a forum for exchanging ideas, provides educational and professional training opportunities, conducts research projects associated with all aspects of heritage resource studies, and is developing various public outreach efforts. This report summarizes the activities and accomplishments of the Center during its second year, from January to December 2002.
The first section presents a summary of the year’s accomplishments, including a list of the Center’s faculty, staff, affiliates, and partners. The second section gives detailed information on Center research and outreach activities. The third section presents highlights of Center research, training, and other programs.
Part I: Center Accomplishments
Founded in December 2000, the Center for Heritage Resource Studies at the University of Maryland, College Park was formed to bring scholars and practitioners together to support a comprehensive approach to the study of heritage. The Center provides a forum for exchanging ideas, provides educational and professional training opportunities, conducts research projects associated with all aspects of heritage resource studies, and is developing various public outreach efforts. This report summarizes the activities and accomplishments of the Center from January to December 2002.
Center Faculty/Staff
Director Paul A. Shackel (Ph.D), Professor of Anthropology Assistant Director Donald G. Jones (Ph.D.), Faculty Research Associate Faculty Members Mark P. Leone (Ph.D.), Professor of Anthropology
Erve M. Chambers (Ph.D.), Professor of Anthropology
Michael Paolisso (Ph.D.), Assistant Professor of AnthropologyThe establishment of the Center for Heritage Resource Studies recognizes that the sustainability of our cultural and environmental resources is dependent upon understanding the ways in which heritage is defined, expressed, and used to further economic development and political activity. Furthermore, it is critical that research and educational efforts conducted and sponsored by the Center be formulated in a way that can be readily applied by those who are responsible for the management of our historic, cultural, and environmental resources. In this manner, the activities of the Center for Heritage Resource Studies will contribute substantially to an increased awareness of the need for responsible heritage development.
During this past year, the Center has expanded its programs in research, training, and outreach and increased our funding base. The Center staff and faculty remain fully engaged in furthering the goals of the Center and committed to expanding our reach, both locally and abroad.
Program Areas
The Center conducts and supports activities in four broad program areas—debate forum, research, education, and public outreach. These programs are designed to incorporate a wide range of disciplines, including cultural anthropology, archaeology, historic preservation, community development, environmental sciences, and others.
The Center sponsors and participates in workshops and seminars. For example, Michael Paolisso conducted a workshop at the Wye Research and Education Center to address the blue crab fishery industry on Maryland’s Eastern Shore, and Donald Jones served on a panel, along with other area archaeologists and museum specialists, to assist the Historical Society of Washington, DC with development of an archaeology exhibit and programming for the new DC City Museum.
Center research efforts are extensive and varied (see accompanying chapters in this report highlighting various projects), ranging from archaeological excavations in Annapolis and at a Civil War battlefield to the support of other faculty in their efforts to reconstruct African American origins in Cameroon and to document the immigrant life-course for Maryland’s Hispanic community, among other projects.
In addition to our annual summer courses in Annapolis and in Belgium, the Center is embarking on a number of other educational training ventures. The Center is working with the National Park Service to develop and implement a training program in archaeology and interpretation and Erve Chambers began teaching in the international tourism management program for the Associazione per I’Istituzione Libera Universita Nuorese (AILUN) in Sardinia, Italy. The Center also is developing a summer study course, modeled on our Belgium Heritage course, in Xiling, China.
Our public outreach efforts include organization of a booth at the annual Labor Day Skipjack Festival on Deal Island; development of instructional videos, available online, for archaeological research in Annapolis; and working in an advisory capacity with numerous and varied local heritage organizations, including the New Philadelphia Association (Illinois), the Maritime Archaeology and History Society (Maryland), and the Historical Society of Washington, DC.
While these Center programs and activities are varied and wide-ranging in scope, they are organized into two broad initiatives—local-regional heritage and international heritage.
Local-Regional Heritage Initiative
Recognizing that heritage issues often are specifically local in nature, the Center offers research, education, and public outreach programs dedicated to promoting local and regional heritage resource studies in Maryland and in the Greater Washington, DC. area. This initiative is linked to our International Heritage Initiative (see below) through innovative programs that showcase local examples of heritage projects to our international visitors.
Among others, these projects include:
§ Using collaborative learning, cultural models, and dialogue to advance co-management planning of the Chesapeake Bay Blue Crab Fishery on Maryland’s Eastern Shore (Paolisso)
§ Research related to tourism and heritage in Delmarva (Chambers)
§ Archaeology in Annapolis and at Wye Hall in Queen’s County (Leone)
§ Archaeological investigations of farmsteads at Monocacy National Battlefield (Shackel)
§ Assisting with the development of an archaeology exhibit for the new DC City Museum (Jones).
The Center continues to look for partnership opportunities with local and regional organizations dedicated to heritage resource studies.
International Heritage Initiative
The Center also expands its reach globally with international cultural exchange programs. The Center has a partnership with the Ename Center for Public Archaeology and Heritage Presentation in Belgium, which forms the centerpiece of our annual Summer Study course in East Flanders and the surrounding region.
Recently, the Center along with the Department of Anthropology hosted a Belgian delegation, including Governor Balthazar and Deputy Minister of Culture Van Der Meirein of East Flanders during a week-long visit to the United States. During this visit, Center faculty participated in a workshop sponsored by the National Park Service on the Ename Charter and a Historic Preservation Symposium in Annapolis.
The Center also is developing a cultural exchange program in China, based on our successful model in Belgium. This past summer, Donald Jones traveled to Xiling, site of the Western Qing Tombs, with a UM delegation to discuss ways in which the Center may assist the Chinese government, particularly the Hebei Provincial Government, with preservation, heritage, and tourism issues at Xiling, which is a World Heritage Site.
The Center is planning on offering a summer study course at Xiling in Summer 2004, and developing a faculty lecture exchange with Heibei University and Nanjing University. In addition, the Center is hoping to attract several Chinese students to participate in our Summer Study program in Belgium this summer. Center faculty also are making plans to attend an upcoming World Heritage Conference at Xiling this fall.
Center Partners
The Center expands its reach beyond the University of Maryland campus through partnerships with state and regional organizations, national and international organizations, and within the University of Maryland system. Center partners represent a wide range of disciplines, including cultural anthropology, archaeology, historic preservation, community development, environmental sciences, and others.
State and Regional Partners
Catoctin Center for Regional Studies (Maryland)
Historic Annapolis Foundation
Historical Society of Washington, DC (agreement in progress)
Maryland Historical Trust
Maryland State Highways Archaeology (Project Planning Division)
National Park Service—Center for Cultural Resources, Valley Forge
National Park Service—National Capital Region—Regional Archaeology Program
Shenandoah Center for Heritage and the Environment
URS Corporation
SRI Foundation
State and Regional Partners
Archeology and Ethnography Program, National Park Service
Society for American Archaeology
International Partners
Ename Center for Public Archaeology and Heritage Presentation, Belgium
University of Maryland Partners
American Studies Department
Baha’i Chair for World Peace
Center for International Development and Conflict Management
Center on Population, Gender and Social Inequality, Department of Sociology
Historic Preservation Program
Office of Continuing and Extended Education
Study Abroad Office
Center Affiliates
The Center is pleased to have the following individuals as Center Affiliates. Please note affiliation extends only to the individual, unless the Center has a partnership agreement with the affiliate's institution. The home institution of each affiliate is provided for informational purposes only.
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Affiliate |
Home Institution |
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William Bechhoefer |
School of Architecture, University of Maryland |
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Ben Blount |
Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia |
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Peter Brosius |
Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia |
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Suheil Bushrui |
Baha’i Chair for World Peace |
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Dirk Callebaut |
Executive Director, Ename Center for Public Archaeology and Heritage Presentation, Belgium |
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Wayne E. Clark |
Executive Director, Office of Museum Services, Jefferson Patterson Park & Museum |
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Elaine Eff |
Director, Cultural Conservation Program, Maryland Historical Trust |
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Barbara Franco |
Executive Director, The Historical Society of Washington, D.C. |
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Charles Hall |
State Terrestrial Archeologist, Maryland Historical Trust |
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Dean Herrin |
Historian, Catoctin Center for Regional Studies, Maryland |
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Walter Arby Holland |
President, Deal Island-Chance Lion's Club (MD Eastern Shore) |
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Mary Hufford |
Director, Center for Folklore and Ethnography, University of Pennsylvania |
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David W. Inouye |
Graduate Program in Sustainable Development and Conservation Biology, University of Maryland |
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Ann Killebrew |
Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies, Pennsylvania State University |
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Barbara J. Little |
Archeology and Ethnography Program, National Park Service |
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Amanda Mason |
Western Erie Canal Heritage Corridor Planning Commission, The Landmark Society of Western New York |
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Randall Mason |
Director, Graduate Program in Historic Preservation, University of Maryland-College Park |
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Francis P. McManamon |
Archeology & Ethnography Program, National Park Service |
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Fred Peak |
Skipjack Heritage Committee (see Skipjack.net, MD Eastern Shore) |
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Joanna Wheeler Peak |
Somerset County Arts Council (MD Eastern Shore) |
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Stephen R. Potter |
Regional Archeologist, National Capital Region, National Park Service |
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Stephen Prince |
Director, Mid-Atlantic Regional Earth Sciences Applications Center, University of Maryland |
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Peter Stone |
International Centre for Cultural and Heritage Studies, United Kingdom |
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Jack Sullivan |
Landscape Architecture Program, University of Maryland |
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Edvard Thorsett |
Shenandoah Center for Heritage and the Environment (see Avtex Redevelopment Project) |
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Vibert L. White |
African American Studies and Abraham Lincoln Presidential Center for Governmental Affairs, University of Illinois at Springfield |
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Eldon Willing, Jr. |
Resident Historian, Chance, MD Eastern Shore |
The Center both conducts and supports research and outreach projects covering all aspects of heritage. The research interests of the principle Center members range from archaeological research to cultural landscapes to socio-cultural community investigations and tourism. The Center conducts grant- and contract-funded research projects, supports research endeavors for other faculty and graduate students, and provides limited funding to support grant-writing activities for Center-related projects.
Members of the Center staff and our Center affiliates are well established in the fields of heritage and natural resource management and are recognized on an international level for their research. The Department of Anthropology has strong and dynamic programs in public archaeology, heritage tourism, and resource management, with an emphasis on both cultural and natural resources. All of these programs have ties to local, state, federal, and international institutions as well as private corporations and non-profit organizations.
In addition, the Center has created successful partnerships with these groups and will continue to link with other agencies and organizations that have similar goals. The Center builds on these strengths to promote excellence in teaching and research, to establish productive relationships with local, state, and federal agencies and institutions, and to further our mission to become a national and international leader in heritage resource studies.
Current research projects being conducted by or through the Center describe the breadth of issues being investigated.
· Erve Chambers continues his studies of tourism on Maryland’s Eastern Shore and recently began teaching in the international tourism management program for the Associazione per I’Istituzione Libera Universita Nuorese (AILUN) in Sardinia, Italy;
· Donald Jones is working with the Historical Society of Washington DC and the DC Preservation Office to develop an archaeology exhibit for the new DC City Museum;
· Mark Leone continues his work with the Archaeology of Annapolis and has expanded this project to include excavations at Wye Island;
· Michael Paolisso’s continues his research on the Chesapeake Bay focuses on differing views of heritage held by various stakeholder groups affected by natural resource management issues; and
· Paul Shackel continues his research at Monocacy National Battlefield and has initiated field investigations at New Philadelphia, Illinois, site of the earliest known antebellum town incorporated by an African American.
Recently funded faculty research include the following projects (grants are listed in Table 1):
· Maryland Sea Grant to complete a monograph related to Chesapeake Bay Heritage (Chambers);
· Continuation of Maryland Sea Grant to use collaborative learning, cultural models, and dialogue to advance co-management planning of the Chesapeake Bay Blue Crab Fisher (Paolisso and Chambers);
· Continuation of research grants from the National Park Service, National Capital Region for archaeological investigations, analysis, and publication of research (Shackel);
· Technical support for a proposal related to the development of a heritage resource center in Front Royal, Virginia (Chambers);
· Continuing archaeological investigations at Wye Hall in Queen’s County (Leone);
· Development of a computer database of archaeological reports for research in the District of Columbia for the DC Preservation Office (Jones); and
· Development of an “archaeology and interpretation” curriculum for the National Park Service, Archeology and Ethnography Program (Shackel and Jones).
The Center grants limited financial assistance to other researchers to assist in the development of research projects. These projects include
· Workshop entitled “Reconstructing African American Origins in Cameroon” (Dr. Fatimah Jackson)
· Research on the anthropology of the immigrant life-course (Dr. Judith Freidenberg);
· Research and development of the Shenandoah Center for Heritage and the Environment, Virginia (Dr. Edvard Thorsette); and
· Proposal development related to heritage research in the Chance/Deal Island communities on MD’s Eastern Shore (Chambers and Paolisso).
These awards are intended to provide assistance in developing research projects related to various aspects of heritage.
The Center is develops and implements numerous educational training programs. Upcoming educational programs are listed below.
· Archaeology and Heritage in Flanders, Belgium, with the Ename Center for Public Archaeology and Heritage, Belgium (Summer 2003)
· Archaeology and Interpretation, Shared Competency Curriculum with the National Park Service (Fall 2003 – Summer 2004)
· Heritage Study Tour at Xiling, China and Surrounding Sites (planned for Summer 2004)
· Proposal submitted (with the Office of Continuing Education) to the Federal Highway Administration for a 5-year- multi-million contract to develop and implement a wide variety of cultural and environmental training programs (OCE and Center are leads with the SRI Foundation, The Louis Berger Group, Inc., and other consultants).
principal |
project |
agency |
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Paolisso |
Using collaborative learning, cultural models, and dialogue to advance co-management planning of the Chesapeake Bay Blue Crab Fishery |
Maryland Sea Grant College |
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Chambers |
Preparation of a monograph related to Chesapeake Bay Heritage |
Maryland Sea Grant College |
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Shackel |
NPS-NCR 19: Archaeological identification and evaluation study, Monocacy National Battlefield Park |
National Park Service— |
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Shackel |
NPS-NCR 20: Archaeological backlog cataloging, Phase IV |
National Park Service— |
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Shackel |
Administrative History for Harpers Ferry National Historic Park |
Catoctin Center for Regional History |
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Shackel Jones |
Development of a mixed-media course of study to support effective interpretation of archaeological resources in national parks |
National Park Service— |
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Jones |
Development of a database of archaeological reports for Washington, DC |
DC Preservation Office and the DC Historical Society |
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Leone |
Archaeology in Annapolis Project: Mitigation at the Banneker-Douglass site |
Maryland Humanities Council |
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Leone |
Archaeology in Annapolis Project: Documentary research, oral history, and archaeology at Wye Hall in Queen’s County |
Private landowner |
The Center for Heritage Resource Studies reaches interested members of the public through lectures, seminars, conferences, publications, the World Wide Web, and fieldwork opportunities. As the debate forum will help bridge the gap between those working the academic and applied fields, the Center’s public outreach program will serve to bridge the gap between professionals and the interested public, particularly in areas such as heritage development and tourism.
Additional outreach efforts in development include popular publications (articles for newsletters, tourism journals, etc.), a lecture and/or workshop series, and development of continuing education courses tailored to various groups including teachers, tour planners, etc.
Our outreach efforts for the past year include:
Maritime Historical Society (Shackel)
§ Working with the Maritime Archaeology and History Society (MAHS) to survey the Potomac River region near Harpers Ferry, West Virginia (Shackel)
New Philadelphia, Illinois (Shackel)
§ Working with the New Philadelphia Association and the University of Illinois-Springfield to develop an archaeological survey of New Philadelphia, Illinois
§ The New Philadelphia project also involves working with the Illinois State Historic Preservation Office, the Illinois State Museum, Illinois College and Hanibal LaGrange College to involve other students, faculty, and preservationists in the study of the site
§ Working with the Archaeological Conservancy to save and protect the land that contains the New Philadelphia site
Maryland’s Eastern Shore (Paolisso and Chambers)
§ Heritage research on Deal Island on the history and heritage of watermen, particularly the sail-powered skipjack
§ Organized a booth at the annual Labor Day Skipjack Festival on Deal Island; the booth contained educational materials illustrating the culture and heritage of skipjacks, their captains, and watermen communities
§ Completed 25 interview of watermen, scientists, and resource managers about issues in the blue crab fishery to prepare for a workshop
§ Held a workshop November 15, 2002 for watermen, scientists, and resource managers to address the blue crab fishery (held at the Wye Research and Education Center)
§ Working with the Rockcreek Methodist Church in Chance, Maryland to prepare digital map of the church cemetery with accompanying database for community kinship information
Shenandoah Center (Chambers)
§ Advising Dr. Edvard Thorsett (Center Affiliate) with public outreach and tourism development of this new heritage center in Front Royal, Virginia
Washington, DC (Jones)
§ Working with the Historical Society of Washington, DC and the DC Preservation Office to develop an archaeology exhibit and programming for the new DC City Museum
§ Working with the DC Preservation Office (DC Archaeologist) to re-establish the Washington DC Archaeological Society to promote participation in programming activities at the new DC City Museum
In addition to these faculty, efforts Joy Beasley, project director of archaeological investigations at Monocacy National Battlefield (Shackel, Co-Principal Investigator with Stephen Potter, National Park Service) has presented a series of public talks to the Urbana Historical Society (MD), the Archaeological Society of Maryland/ Maryland Historical Trust’s annual workshop in archaeology, and other local interest groups.
This series derives largely from the webpages on the Center's website as of January 2003. For updated information, go to the Center's home page at www.heritage.umd.edu and select the appropriate link.
The Center for Heritage Resource Studies currently is working with the National Park Service to develop training courses in archaeology and interpretation. Working with the NPS Archeology & Ethnography Program and the NPS Mather Training Center in Harper's Ferry, West Virginia, the Center is developing a four-course module that builds on the new NPS “Archeology for Interpreters" on-line interactive training course.
The National Park Service regularly conducts professional training for its employees. One of their recent programs involves the concept of “shared competency,” wherein employees in one division gain cross-training in different, but related, divisions. The Center is assisting the National Park Service with the development and implementation of one of the first training opportunities in the Service’s broad-based shared competency program: archaeology and interpretation at National Parks.
Archaeologists and public interpreters usually come from distinct and different academic backgrounds. As a result, a “disconnect” can form between the information gained through archaeological investigations and the information that is interpreted to the public. The shared competency program is being designed to give archaeologists the opportunity to learn more about the principles of public interpretation and to give interpreters information on archaeological methods and techniques.
The Center is assisting the Park Service with the development of a four-module program of study in archaeology and interpretation. Development of the program will take place Spring and Summer 2003, the first module is expected to be offered in Fall of this year, and the remaining three courses will be offered during the following winter and spring.The first module will be an introductory course offered at the University of Maryland, College Park involving Park Service employees from across the region and eventually from across the nation. The second module will consist of an interactive, online program that was developed by the Park Service; Center faculty will monitor program participation.
The third module will consist of a week-long study tour of local, state, and national parks in the greater National Capital Region to gain first-hand knowledge of different applications of archaeological investigations and public interpretation. The fourth and final module will require the program participants to complete a pilot project in archaeological interpretation, based on examples at the National Park where each individual is employed.
Beginning in the summer of 2002, Paul A. Shackel, Director of the Center for Heritage Resource Studies, began a long-term project to locate, document, and study the growth and eventual demise of a town once known as New Philadelphia, Illinois.
The story of New Philadelphia is compelling and nationally significant: it is the earliest known incorporated town by an African American in the antebellum United States.
The story of New Philadelphia begins with Frank McWorter, an African American who hired out his own time and established his own saltpeter mining operations while enslaved in Kentucky. With the money he earned he purchased his freedom, and in 1836 McWorter acquired lands in a sparsely populated area known as Pike Country, Illinois, situated in the rolling hill region of the Illinois and Mississippi River Valleys. He incorporated a town and subdivided it and sold lots. McWorter used the revenue from these sales to purchase the rest of his family out of bondage.
Both whites and blacks purchased property in New Philadelphia and the town existed as an integrated community well into the twentieth century. New Philadelphia stood 15 miles from the Mississippi River where the slave trade prospered and the McWorters and other black members of the community were always under the threat of being kidnapped and sold “down river.” McWorter’s activities as town founder, proprietor, promoter, and developer foreshadowed the direction that other African Americans would take on the nation’s frontiers after the American Civil War.
After the Illinois frontier closed, racism set limits to New Philadelphia expansion. County planners rerouted a major road away from New Philadelphia, and whites lobbied to have the railroad placed adjacent to another community. By the 1880s the town was unincorporated, and by the early twentieth century only a few houses survived. Today, all signs of the town have been removed from the landscape and the fields are planted in prairie grass and corn.
Shackel is working closely with Vibert White, Chair of the African-American Studies Program at the University of Illinois - Springfield (UI-S), and Director of the New Philadelphia Project to relocate and study the lost town. During two long weekends in October and November Shackel led an archaeology survey team with two UM graduates, Joy Beasley and Tom Gwaltney (HistArc), and volunteers from the Illinois State Museum, Illinois College, Hannibal-LaGrange College, UI-S, and the New Philadelphia Association to locate New Philadelphia.
Without any visible signed of preexisting landscape features the research team used historic and topographic maps and aerial photographs to determine the general location of the town. Local farmers plowed the fields and the archaeological survey consisted of a systematic walkover of original 42-acre townThe archaeology team located pieces of ceramic, window glass and nails in discrete concentrations that indicate the location and remains of domestic houses and commercial enterprises. All of the archaeologically documented sites appear to cluster around the town’s known commercial district.
The goal of this interdisciplinary project is to make the story of New Philadelphia a part of the national public memory.
The current caretakers of the property, the New Philadelphia Association, also see the importance of preserving and studying the property. This group, along with Shackel and White believe the story of New Philadelphia is unique because it is about the personal struggle of an African American to exist in a racist society while incorporating and settling in an integrated town on the western frontier. They hope that one day the story of New Philadelphia will become part of the national story by designating it a state or a national park.
Vibert White is director of the African American Studies Program and Associate Professor in the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Center for Governmental Affairs at the University of Illinois at Springfield. In Fall 2002, Dr. White accepted an invitation from the Center to become a new Center Affiliate.
Dr. Shackel and Dr. White are working closely together to study New Philadelphia, Illinois—the earliest town incorporated by an African American in the United States.
The Center is pleased to have Dr. White as an Affiliate, and we look forward to working with him on New Philadelphia and other endeavors.
This year, Dr. Mark Leone celebrated the 20th anniversary of the Archaeology in Annapolis program he initiated in 1981. In addition to the ongoing excavations in and around Historic Annapolis, most recently the 2002 summer field school in urban archaeology, public outreach efforts included the creation of two streaming videos that are now available on the internet. In addition, the summer’s research activities included a LIDAR survey of two historic landscapes.
The second video is devoted to the archaeology of religious traditions from West and West Central Africa as found in Annapolis. Such materials, which are connected to Hoodoo, have been found during excavations in three areas within the Historic District of Annapolis.
